Guide to collective redundancies (ERE) in Spain: Art. 51 ET thresholds, ETOP grounds, consultation period, 20-day severance, priority of permanence and challenging a null ERE.
A collective redundancy (ERE) applies when ETOP dismissals (economic, technical, organizational or production grounds) exceed Art. 51 ET thresholds within any 90-day period.
<100 workers: ≥10 | 100–300: ≥10% | ≥300: ≥30 | Full closure: >5 affected workers
Practice: 25–40 days in negotiated EREs. Unfair/null ERE: 33 days/year or reinstatement + back pay.
Individual challenge: 20 working days from dismissal letter; conciliation required first.
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